【這篇文章有標題黨之嫌,因為題目肯定能吸引對哲學有興趣的讀者,而且看似一個大題目;可是,雖然文章的內容的確是「羅爾斯論尼采」,但我寫的其實只是兩三段文字的讀後感。要是你對本文沒有很高的期望,那就可以放心看下去了。】
上星期跟同事談到朱利安
· 楊格(Julian Young)寫的尼采傳記 Friedrich
Nietzsche: A Philosophical Biography (Cambridge University Press,2010),同事特別提到討論
Beyond Good and Evil 的那章(Chapter 21),說有幾個地方不同意作者的詮釋。今天我重看了這一章,同事的觀點我不談了,只想討論一下楊格對羅爾斯的批評。
楊格的批評只有寥寥幾句,卻相當嚴厲。他首先這樣論述羅爾斯對尼采的理解:
[T]he influential John Rawls thinks that Nietzsche
believes in an elite of Socrates and Goethe types, of philosophers and artists,
and has no independent concern for the well-being of 'the mediocre'. This, he
suggests, is an immoral attitude which elevates a taste for aesthetic 'perfection'
above the claims of 'justice'. For Nietzsche, he claims, Greek philosophy
justified Greek slavery. (p.426)
楊格在正文沒有批評羅爾斯,他將批評放在一個註腳裏:
This suggests that Rawls's acquaintance with
Nietzsche was relatively slight, that what he was after was a straw man rather
than a genuine understanding of Nietzsche's philosophy. (p.615)
雖然楊格用了
"suggests" 這個委婉的字,但對羅爾斯的批評已沒有留多少餘地,就是說羅爾斯對尼采認識不足,因而有誤解,對尼采的指責都是攻擊稻草人。根據楊格,尼采不是極端精英主義者。如果楊格的尼采詮釋是對的,那麼,他對羅爾斯的批評是不是就明顯合理呢?不一定,因為他可能誤解了羅爾斯。
我第一次讀這章時,讀到這處,只是有「噢」這樣的反應,沒有深究。這次我好奇心起,便翻閱羅爾斯《正義論》(A Theory of Justice, revised edition)的原文,全書只有三處提到尼采,兩處在正文,一處在註腳;楊格批評的是以下這段:
The absolute weight that Nietzsche sometimes
gives the lives of great men such as Socrates and Goethe is unusual. At places
he says that mankind must continually strive to produce great individuals. We give
value to our lives by working for the good of the highest specimens. (p.286)
羅爾斯寫得十分小心,他沒有明確地說尼采的看法是如此這般,而只是指出尼采有時("sometimes"
和 "At places")表達了這樣的觀點。尼采的著作裏有些語句表達了極端精英主義,不等於他是極端精英主義者,因為他的著作裏也可能有些語句是反極端精英主義的;要判斷尼采是否極端精英主義者,非深入研究他的著作不可,羅爾斯當然明白這點,也當然知道自己沒有做過那樣的研究,所以才用了
"sometimes" 和 "At places" 這種小心的寫法。楊格對羅爾斯的批評顯然是不公允的。
尤有甚者,是羅爾斯根本沒有說尼采認同古希臘的奴隸制度;不錯,他在這段有談到古希臘哲學與奴隸制度,但原文是這樣的:
The extent to which such a view is perfectionist
depends, then, upon the weight given to the claims of excellence and culture. If
for example it is maintained that in themselves the achievements of the Greeks
in philosophy, science, and art justified the ancient practice of slavery
(assuming that this practice was necessary for these achievements), surely the
conception is highly perfectionist. (p.286)
這是泛論,完全沒有提及尼采。楊格說
"For Nietzsche, [Rawls] claims, Greek philosophy justified Greek slavery",如果不是「明屈」羅爾斯,就是沒有細讀《正義論》便隨便批評;無論楊格犯的是哪一個錯,作為學者,那都是要不得的。